The Roman Society Essay Example For Students

The Roman Society Essay The Roman SocietyThe changes in the Roman government affected the social classes andrights gradually became more equal among the people of Rome. New laws and newleaders tried to make society become closer in equality through reforms. It wasa long and difficult process to be freed or to become a citizen of Rome and notmany accomplished it. Plebeians and woman were thought of as worthless citizensin society, but through time they gained more rights. To show that this is true,I will be addressing four topics: plebeians versus. patricians, women, merchantsand artisans, and slaves and non-citizens. When Rome established a republic in 509 B.C., two major classesdeveloped. The patricians controlled the government with a Senate, made up of300 elected officials. The senate chose two consuls to administer the laws ofRome. The only power that plebeians had in the government was with a popularassembly, which approved the choice of consuls. Plebeians could not hold publicoffice or marry into a patrician family. During the time of the Republic to thetime of the empire, plebeians, who fought in many wars to help Rome gain power,demanded more rights. The government slowly began to change to appeal toplebeians who out-numbered everyone else in population. We will write a custom essay on The Roman Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Around 494 B.C., an Assembly of Centuries and an Assembly of Tribes rlyof Centuries and an Assembly of Tribes replaced the popular assembly. TheAssembly of Centuries represented the Roman Army and all the classes that wereincluded in it and they elected the consuls. The Assembly of Tribes was made upof ten elected plebeians and spoke for the plebeians interests, but had littleinfluence on the government. In 445 B.C, plebeians won the right to marry patricians. The Assemblyof Tribes gained the right to pass laws and veto any government action thatthreatened the rights of the plebeians. By about 300 B.C., plebeians had earnedthe right to hold all major political and religious posts. In 366 B.C., theywon the right to consulship. When Rome took over the control of an empire, thediscrimination between the classes became indistinct. Julius Caesar was one of the many emperors that tried to bring the richand poor closer tothe poor by limiting the wealthy peoples land ownership. During the early republic, the woman of Rome had few legal rights. Amale was always responsible for the care and support of the familys women. Thequestion of women as heirs was irrelevant. Like all plebeians, even womenpatricians could not vote or hold public office. They were usually married offaround the age of 14 to be housewives. Even though women didnt have many rights, thethe poor by limiting thewealthy peoples land ownership. During the early republic, the woman of Rome had few legal rights. Amale was always responsible for the care and support of the familys women. Thequestion of women as heirs was irrelevant. Like all plebeians, even womenpatricians could not vote or hold public office. They were usually married offaround the age of 14 to be housewives. Even though women didnt have man Rome, especially if their husbands orfathers held public office. Examples of these women would be Messalina (wife ofemperor Claudius), Livia (second wife of Augustus), and Julia and Julia(daughter of Augustus and granddaughter of Augustus). During early Rome, the Merchants and artisans were included among thecommon people. But, as the republic changed to an empire, it helped them out alot. With the empire expanding and the need to spread the Roman culture,merchants and artisans became more important than ever. The artisans spread theRoman culture by sending their many crafts and masterpieces to the newlyconquered lands. The merchants, with all of this new land under Roman power,were free to trade along any route as Rome controlled most of them. Most ofthis rising of the merchants and artisans status happened during the Pax Romana. .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd , .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd .postImageUrl , .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd , .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd:hover , .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd:visited , .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd:active { border:0!important; } .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd:active , .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0cf560256ab5aa902df2ca9c125fcbdd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Spectre and Meltdown could affect the Crypto World EssayGrn Ron Rome, especially if their hu0Aclass and some rich merchants and artisansjoined the upper class. At the bottom of all of the classes were the slaves and non-citizens. Neither of them had very many rights. Slaves were usually prisoners of war fromcountries that the Roman empire had taken over. They were used as gladiatorsalong with criminals (some freedmen did volunteer, though, for these murderousGames also). In addition, slaves were used as actors in early Roman plays andwere owned by the managers who produced the plays. Some laws even specifiedthat only slaves might be tortured. But later, freemen could also be torturedin cases of treason. It was the right of the master to offer his slaves fortorture in order to prove his own innocence or to discipline them. It was alsohis right to free any slaves that he owned if they showed their honor to him ina time of crisis, which he would have to prove. The right to torture slaves wasnot removed in Roman law until in 240 A.D. Many non-citizens were also treated as if they were slaves. Theyusually were from some land conquered by the Romans, and were trying to make abetter life in one of the cities. Intermarriages among the citizens and non-citizens of Rome were not allowed. The only way people were granted citizenshipwas if someone of high power gaveure ure slaves was not removed in Roman lawuntil in 240 A.D. Many non-citizens were also treated as if they were slaves. Theyusually were from some land conquered by the Romans, and were trying to make abetter life in one of the cities. Intermarriages among the citizens and non-citizens of Rome were not allowed. The only way people were granted citizenshipwas if someone of high power gave it to them. Soon the lands surrounding Romeunder Roman Power were considered provinces of Rome, therefor the people thatlived in them werhe rights among the people of Rome through long and difficultprocesses, became closer to equality. All of the social classes went throughindividual changes. Some, like the patricians, lost more in the end than whatthey started out with. Others, like non-citizens gained more rights with lawsthat affected them. Overall, they each were effected by the government of theRoman empire. BIBLIOGRAPHY1) World History, Patterns of Civilization. New Jersey: Burton F. Beers, 19932) Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc., 19933) The World Book Encyclopedia Chicago, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1985

Distance Learning Survival Guide

Distance Learning Survival Guide Free Online Research Papers Using Axia’s Education Resources A distance learning environment is obviously different than what we are used to growing up. However it is not much different than what we settle for when doing research or looking up useless information. Although most of us a very familiar with using the internet it is imperative we completely understand the system and options available by Axia College University of Phoenix. Like every college or university there will be research required as well as common skills associate with using a computer such as, Microsoft PowerPoint and using search engines. Getting familiar with the student platform is a must. The four main things that I find to be important are: knowing how to use the classroom platform, knowing how to utilize the library correctly to be most effective, using the Center for Writing or Center for Mathematics, and other great tools such as the Plagiarism Checker. Being familiar on how to get into and around the class is vital. Not posting an assignment in the correct location can dictate the grade for that student. If posted in the wrong forum one day a student can loose points for handing in late, which can effect the score when the class comes to an end. Using the library is also very important, students should realize that the library is not just a search engine such a Google or Ask.com, the way a person searches for a specific article can determine the outcome. Moreover, there are certain options which not allow certain writing works to come up. For example, if a student checks the option to only see Scholarly (Pre viewed) Journals. Other educational resources provided by Axia College is the tutorials which can teach a lot, with either little or no experience at all the tutorials help master a certain computer skill. Upholding Academic Honesty In my opinion this is one of the most important things that Axia College students are required to have. With the opportunity to learn in a distance learning environment we as students must understand that we will learn as long as we put forth the effort. As we all know plagiarism is a real crime. In a distance learning environment students might be tempted use the easy way out instead of actually doing the work. However, the best way to learn is to do the work. I find it to be very rewarding, when as a writer, completing a writing assignment. Setting and Achieving Goals For some including myself just by starting college is already achieving a goal. Whether the goal is short term or long term it is important we all have goals. In the society and competitiveness we live in today it would be insane to not have any goals. Throughout my first nine weeks with Axia College, I have been able to complete some short term goals, as well as work on a long term goal, and a bit of a life long goal that I have. Setting realistic goals are also very important, an person must grasp the idea that goals are achievable but must be realistic. Setting goals and achieving them is what thrives our nation and fellow citizens. I found it that the satisfaction of achieving a hard worked goal is the greatest feeling in the world. Managing Time Wisely To me managing time wisely is significantly important to our day-to-day lives. We Axia students chose a distance learning environment because of the advantages of being able to take care of our busy schedules while attending school. It gives the opportunity to juggle work and family as well as getting an education. Time can be broken down from years to months to weeks to days to hours and even minutes. I have planned that I will complete a certain amount of classes in the next two years. With each set of classes I will break down the nine weeks and worry about one week at a time. During each week I understand that an assignment is due for two classes. Managing my time daily at work can make it easier to put more time my school work. While doing my school work managing time between the two classes and the different assignments will make it easier for me to juggle my life and other important things that still need to happen on my daily schedule. Fostering Reading Comprehension and Retention While taking this class I have been to develop good reading skills and improve others. Even though that this is my first set of college classes I was not surprised by how much reading was required. With reading comes knowledge and understanding, as a student, I feel glad and fortunate to have the reading skills I have and to be able to learn more. It is important that a student becomes conscious of the good things that are an effect of reading. In addition to learning from the material being read, reading can also help a person with memory. The more that is read, the more material and data a person can remember the more knowledge the individual will. Applying Personality and Learning Styles As we all know, everybody is different in several ways. Everybody learns, teaches, and remembers things in different ways. It is advantage to attend a distance learning because study habits and settings can be set by the student. A student who learns better with a lot of outside noise can set the way he or she wishes to do spend the study time. While attending Axia College, I found it easier to do my work while having a television set or radio on. Reason being, it made me concentrate more on the reading. If I try to read in silence I find myself wandering and loosing my place in the text. Research Papers on Distance Learning Survival GuideStandardized TestingThe Mechanics of Grading Grading SystemsThe Hockey GameHip-Hop is ArtThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Internet Banking (E-Banking) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Internet Banking (E-Banking) - Essay Example This paper will analyze the concept of E-banking. More specifically, it will try to provide answers to the following questions in relation to E-banking. What is E-banking? What are the advantages and Disadvantages of E-banking? How are people accepting and using E–banking?Internet banking is another concept of web based banking. The deployment of whole sale or retail banking services can also be referred to as E-banking. It involves individuals, and corporate customers. The deployment of whole sale or retail banking services can also be referred to as E-banking. It involves individuals, and corporate customers. E-banking involves payments and settlements, bank transfer, household lending, documentary collection and credits and card businesses. E-banking services and products are accessed by customers who own accounts with E-banks. Customers make a request for information and conduct most of their retail banking transactions through computer, television and cell phones . E-bank ing also describes the electronic connection between customers and bank so as to help in preparing, managing and controlling financial transactions. From a broader perspective, electronic banking is the provision of banking services through other means rather than the physical bank branches. E-Banking provides financial services to customers through various means. These means include home banking, telephone banking, Internet banking, mobile banking and Automated teller machines .(Sarlak and Asghar, 2010). The driving force behind the adoption of E-banking by banks is to provide high interest rates and reduce service charges on the customers’ saving accounts. E-banks help to eliminate costs associated with virtual banks branches. This increases competitive advantage of e-banking with other banks (Sarlak and Asghar, 2010). Advantages and of E-banking Internet banking has numerous advantages as discussed below. More efficient bank rates The absence and reduction of virtual branc hes to serve customers has reduced overhead costs. This allows banks to pay higher rates of interest on customer savings and consequently, reduces charges on the loan rate on the mortgage and loans. Some banks have resorted to offering a high yield certificate of deposit (CDs), high yielding checking accounts and even non-penalty certificate of deposit (CDs) for making an early withdrawal. Additionally, minimum deposits are required to open bank accounts. The bank accounts do not carry any minimum balance or service charges (Koskosas, 2012). Customer Convenience E-banks operate full time at various locations provided internet connections are available. Electronic banks operate 24 hours in a day, 365 days a year if internet services are available. Mobile phones are used by customers to access services. The real-time accounts information and balances are readily available through the internet. Banking transaction services are made easier, faster, and more efficient. The changing of ma iling address by a customer on his or her account facilitates the updating and maintaining of a direct account. Through account update, the request of market interest rates and ordering of additional checks is made easy (Koskosas, 2012). Services E-banks have more websites that provide more feature than the website of physical banks. These features are forecasting and budgeting tools, financial planning capabilities, loan calculators, investment analysis tools and equity trading platforms- banks website also offer online tax forms, tax preparation and free online bill payments (Koskosas, 2012). Mobility Internet banking services are mobile. This means one can access them even when traveling. The designing of new applications, smart phones and other mobile accessories has improved mobility of E-banking services (Koskosas, 2012). Transfers Money can easily be transferred from the physical banks account in various branches

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 85

Case Study Example For this reason, it was essential to adopt an advertising strategy totally different from the prevailing ones. b) The first campaign of Axe made use of the broadcast media as the central element of advertising. This media was chosen to captivate the audience after having reached them. The ‘dirty message’ that was part of this campaign was targeted to reach the intended audience by airing the commercials during telecast of television programs that were famous in the age-group that was being targeted. Program like Baywatch, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, The Real World were chosen for this purpose. In addition to the broadcast media, Axe also made use of the print media to display luring ads in magazines like Playboy, Maxim and Sports illustrated swimsuit issue. An additional line of action was targeting spring break destinations that were favorite among college boys. The walls of these places were covered with posters and pictures of the products manufactured by Axe. One last media used for advertisement was the internet; a website by the name of www.theaxeeffect.com served to entertain the target audience i.e. young boys. c) The second campaign made use of the ‘storytelling power’ of television and cinema combined. Since the issue was to promote the ‘detailer’ and ‘shower gel’ collectively, it was essential to promote the use of detailer using multiple media channels, as it was a novel concept at that time. In addition to the cinema and television, digital media was employed and various means like videos promoted through YouTube were used for the purpose. The idea was to promote the novel â€Å"Axe Detailer: The Manly Shower Tool†, which served just one purpose i.e. â€Å"Clean Your Balls†. In my opinion, this effort was driven by reach. d) Instead of using the traditional forms of promotion, Axe should now focus on promotion through direct interaction with the public. This may include

Arbitration Law paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arbitration Law paper - Essay Example For example, section 1(c) stipulates â€Å"in matters governed by this part the court should not intervene except as provided by this part†. Nevertheless, the Act makes several provisions for court intervention at various stages of the proceeding. Arbitration agreement is an agreement to submit to arbitration present or future disputes.6 The Arbitration Act 1996 and the Scotland equivalent, Arbitration Act 2010, have several provisions with regards to requirements for a valid arbitration agreement; for example, it should be in writing.7 If the agreement does not satiate any of the requirements, a party can challenge its validity in court. The court has the power to rule on the validity of the arbitration agreement. It is crucial for courts to exercise powers with regards to the arbitration agreement, so as to maintain autonomy of the parties in making an agreement. The will of the parties to enter into the agreement should be genuine, and therefore if a party is coerced into t he agreement, the court should invalidate it. Section 10(2) of the Scotland Act goes ahead and invalidates any provision in the arbitral agreement that prevents the bringing of a legal action. Moreover, courts, pursuant to section 7 have the power to severe an arbitration agreement from the rest of the contract where the contract is held void for some reason. In Heyman v Darwins the House of Lords held that, â€Å"an arbitration agreement was not terminated by a breach of the underlying contract.†8 In Amir Weissfisch V. Anthony Julius, Rami Weissfisch, and Philip Davis9, the court upheld an arbitration agreement where the arbitrator would rule on whether he has jurisdiction over arbitration, even though the party argued that the agreement was void due to fraudulent acts committed by the arbitrator. With regards to the jurisdiction of the tribunal, section 31 enshrines the competence-competence principle, whereby the tribunal is empowered to rule on its own jurisdiction. Secti on 32(1) provides that the court may, on the application of a party to arbitral proceeding (upon notice to the other parties); determine any question as to the substantive jurisdiction of the tribunal. Courts have been entertaining many cases of this nature. In First Options v Kaplan10 the Supreme Court ruled that clear and unmistakable evidence should be submitted by the parties as agreed to submit to the arbitrator the question of the arbitrator’s jurisdiction. If not, the court will determine whether or not the arbitrator had a mandate to arbitrate.11 In Paine Webber Inc. v Mohammad S Elahi, the Court of Appeals held that, unless the parties specifically agreed otherwise it was incumbent for the court to determine both jurisdictional arbitrability and subject matter it was empowered to take up. Section 7 empowers the court to stay proceedings and refer parties to arbitration if an action subject to the agreement is commenced. An application to the effect is made by the oth er party subject to taking steps in those proceeding, to answer the substantive claim against him.12 The law requires the court to grant a stay of legal proceeding unless it is satisfied that the arbitration agree

The Study Of Motivation In Sport Physical Education Essay

The Study Of Motivation In Sport Physical Education Essay This reviewed research is on motivation in sport. A variety of definitions and approaches to the study motivation will be discussed. One of the forms of motivation being discussed will be intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivations are very important for promoting satisfaction and long term participation in sport. There are three theoretical approaches to the study of intrinsic motivation: behavioral, cognitive, and motivational. Researchers have found that the intrinsic motivation of athletes seems extremely important for long-term involvement, and fine-tuned performance in sport. Extrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from outside an individual. The motivating factors are external, or outside, rewards such as money or grades. These rewards provide satisfaction and pleasure that the task itself may not provide. Another form of motivation has to do with gender. Researches have determined that there are motivational differences among male and female sports. Its also been determined that male and female athletes possess different strengths and weaknesses within the motivational climate. Some detailed differences stated were that men had higher levels of motivation in competition, social acknowledgment, strength and endurance, where women had stronger motivation to control weight. The last factor I will cover is cultural effect on motivation. Introduction to your Research Topic Deci, et al. (1999) state that intrinsic motivation can also be enhanced by increasing an individuals perceptions of autonomy and competence. Deci, et al. (1999) also showed that research supported the idea that extrinsic motivations impact on intrinsic motivation was influenced by the controlling nature of those extrinsic rewards. For instance, positive feedback that is not considered controlling would likely add to an individuals perceived competence and have a positive effect on their intrinsic motivation. Vallerand (2000) looks at motivation in a multidimensional manner that encompasses more than the dichotomy of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. He states that motivation for both is on a continuum that ranges from a high to low level of determination and that operates on three distinct levels: global (ones overall general motivation), contextual (in a specific domain or field such as education or sports), and situational (the here and now). At each of these levels individuals can have different motivation levels (both intrinsic and extrinsic). For example, one could be highly intrinsically motivated to participate in sports, but less intrinsically motivated regarding education (contextual). However, if a person is feeling ill or tired, they may not have the same intrinsic motivation to participate in sports activities that day (situational). Extrinsic rewards could be applied to both and impact situational motivation in both the short and long term. For example, that individual might be highly motivated to do well on a test and receive a good grade (extrinsic motivation) so that they can be eligible to play on their sports team (intrinsic motivation). Vallerand (2000) postulates that repeated levels of low levels of situational intrinsic motivation will likely have a diminishing effect on the larger contextual intrinsic motivation. He highlights research done on motivation to play basketball where intrinsic motivational levels were affected by situational motivational levels during tournament games. This research has many implications for organizations and educational situations. While understanding that extrinsic motivation is one of the main drivers of the business world, compensation and other incentive packages need to address their impact on intrinsic motivation and be developed in ways that will reduce the adverse affects or possibly even add to the intrinsic motivational levels. More research on real life situations would be beneficial. Background of the Research Topic Motivation in sports and exercise has been studied over the last century but only in recent decades has motivation by gender been analyzed. studies in the area of motivation by gender in these sports and exercise fields: individual and team sports and exercise, martial arts, basketball, volleyball, track and field, and general sports participation and exercise (Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomew, 2005). These results were the most consistent throughout the reports with other similarities and differences noted with each study. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are both adaptable and change in response to specific situations and life occurrences. While not easy to define, intrinsic motivation can be described as an internal drive to perform an activity. While extrinsic motivation is ascribed to an external motivating source that drives action. It is postulated that people attribute their behavior either to an internal or external source. Intrinsic motivation correlates positively to when people attribute their motivation to internal sources, while extrinsic motivation is correlated to belief in an external source for their behavior (Wiersma, U. J., 1992). Extrinsic motivation, by definition, is changeable since it is an external motivator one can change the reward or external source (i.e. amount of money offered to do a job, feedback on performance, etc.). Meta-analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational research by Deci, Koestner and Ryan (1999) found that intrinsic motivation is negatively affected when tangible extrinsic motivation is attached to the behavior. This undermining of intrinsic motivation is postulated to be the result of a perceived decrease in autonomy and competency by the individual receiving the extrinsic reward. Self-determination Theory states that humans have three inherent needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Of these, autonomy and competence are the main drivers of intrinsic motivation (Franken, 2002). Thus we see that intrinsic motivation can be changed by adding an extrinsic motivating component. Motivation is a crucial factor within the sport and exercise field. Understanding what and how motivation works is equally important. Based on these reviews gender also plays a role within the motivational climate. Studies have revealed variations in motivational factors within each gender. In Chie-der, Chen, Hung-yu, and Li-Kangs journal 87 male and 87 female basketball players from the HBL were selected for the research. Four research questionnaires were used to measure four phenomena: participants goal orientation, the motivational climate they perceived, perceived personal athletic ability, perceived personal sport-related confidence (Chie-der, Chen, Hung-yu, Li-Kang,2003). Using a t test gender differences were detected. Males tended to record higher scores than females for sports related confidence variables. Males scored higher within ego orientation, perceived ability, and in physical performance. Females tended to score higher in task orientation, perceived task climate, and leadership styles (Chie-der, Chen, Hung-yu, Li-Kang,2003).   Numerous studies have examined the question of whether there are differences in youth motives across sports, age, gender, and culture and suggest that children or adolescents are subject to the environmental influences in their motivation to participate in certain physical activities. Thus, investigating the diversities in motivation of participation may shed light on the underlying reasons of why children or adolescents take part in various forms of physical activity or sports. Impact on sports Gender: In Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomews study 233 students were studied, 132 women, 101 men. The purpose behind this study was to compare sports participation and exercise motivation through a highly differentiated scale of physical activity. The second objective was to investigate the impact of gender on motivation. This study determined that men were more highly motivated then women when it came to endurance and strength, social recognition, challenge, and most notably competition, where women were more motivated by weight management (Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomew, 2005). It was further suggested in this analysis that motivations to engage in sports differed from motivators to engage in exercise. It was also noted that more of the health related motives were linked to exercise opposed to sports participation thus indicating that sports participation are more closely related to intrinsic motives. It was suggested that based on these findings that men leaned more closely to intrinsic m otivation then women. This study further implied that men viewed exercise and fitness opportunities as a means to achieve ego related goals that support their sports participation where as women seemed to enjoy exercise and sports participation equally (Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomew, 2005). In Murcia, Gimeno, and Colls study 413 athletes completed a perceived motivational climate in sports questionnaire. The sample was comprised of 322 boys and 91 girls, sports included individual and team sports. This analysis used the MANOVA to analyze the effects of gender, goal orientations, and perception of motivational climate and its flow. The findings showed that males had a stronger ego orientation that more specifically involved punishment for errors then did females. Females were more inclined to identify a motivational climate orientated towards learning (Murcia, Gimeno, and Coll,2008). In Jones, Mackay, and Peters journal 17,463 participants participated in a questionnaire. This analysis differed from the others in this review. It noted no significant gender differences, it also noted that the four most important motivations for both male and females were affiliation, fitness, skill development, and friendship, this opposed to the three least influential motivators which were reward/status, situational, and competition. It also noted that the individuals studied in martial arts were immersed in a holistic approach of the martial art which placed increased value on the underlying philosophy. They further noted that the style of the instructor encompassing teaching/communication style and technical ability is of paramount importance for enhancing student motivation to participate (Jones, Mackay, and Peters, 2006). It is implicated within this research that the similarity in gender motivation may be a result of the philosophies of the teachings. Cultural: cultural differences in psychological meanings for sport have been documented by empirical research. Research in cross-cultural sport psychology, for example, has found group differences in how athletes prioritize achievement motives, team affiliation, and social recognition (e.g., Kolt et.al.; 1999; Rees, Brettschneider, Brandl-Bredenbeck, 1998; Weinberg et.al., 2000). Similarly, a large literature about sport, globalization, and cultural imperialism describes how sport associates with distinct mentalities within particular historical and national contexts (e.g., Guttmann, 1994; MacAloon, 1996; Maguire, 1999; Miller, Lawrence, McKay, Rowe, 2001). findings of previous research Gender In Gillson, Standage, and Skevingtons journal which studied 300 male and 280 female students in their motivation towards exercise. Motivation towards exercise was measured using the behavioral regulation and exercise questionnaire-2. The statistics were calculated separately for males and females, then gender differences were explored using t-tests and x2 tests. Similar to other results in this review weight seemed to be a greater motivation within girls than boys however girls in general were less motivated to exercise then boys. The most common motivation factor for boys were fitness and health and for girls body tone, health, and attractiveness. In this study just like the study of Kilpatrick, Hebert, Bartholomew, 2005 it was determined that girls were reported to exercise more for extrinsic goals then boys, more specifically when it came to weight control (Gillson, Standage, and Skevington, 2006). Cultural: This study derived from participant-observation with the two mens soccer teams, one sponsored by a private Midwestern university in the United States (referred to as UA) and one associated with a government-sponsored university in Malawi in sub-Saharan Africa (referred to as UM). Because the teams were similar in regards to the relative educational and class status of their members, the two groups varied most clearly by cultural context. Qualitative data was obtained from interviews and observations gathered during two years with the UA team and a year with the UM team. The specific procedures are discussed below after providing necessary context by discussing the participants and settings. Conclusions section It is concluded that it is important for coaches, teachers and parents to stress to young athletes the need to improve skills, teamwork and sportsmanship over the win at all costs attitude. terms/concepts Key words: self-determination, goal orientations, motivational climate, perceived competence References page JAM Murcia,(2008) Relationships among Goal Orientations, Motivational Climate and Flow in Adolescent Athletes: Difference by Gender,The Spanish Journal of Psychology, volume 11, number 1, 181-191. Kilpatrick, Hebert, and Bartholomew, (2005) College Students Motivation for Physical Activity: Differentiating Mens and Womens Motives for Sport Participation and Exercise, Journal of American College Health, volume 54, number2 Gareth W. Jones, Ken S. Mackay, and Derek M. Peters, (2006) Participation Motivation in Martial Artists in the West Midlands Region of England, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine CSSI, 28-34 Dongfang Chie-der, Steve Chen, Chou Hung-yu, and Chi Li-Kang, (2003), Gender Differential in the Goal Setting, Motivation, Perceived Ability, and Confidence Sources of Basketball Players, The Sport Journal ISSN 1543-9518 Gillison, Standage, Skevington, (2006), Relationships among adolescents weight perceptions, exercise goals, exercise motivation, quality of life and leisure-time exercise behavior: a self-determination theory approach, Oxford Journals, Vol. 21, no. 6 Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., and Ryan, R. M., (1999). Meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic reward and intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin (125). Retrieved on August 21, 2003 from EBSCOhost. Franken, R. E., (2002). Human Motivation. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA. Vallerand, R. J., (2000). Deci and Ryans Self-Determination Theory: A view from the Hierarchical Model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Wiersma, U. J., (1992). The effects of extrinsic rewards in intrinsic motivation: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (65). Retrieved on August 21, 2003 from EBSCOhost.

Soccer history :: essays research papers

Games similar to soccer were played in China as early as 400 B.C. In 200 A.D. the Romans played a game in which 2 teams tried to score by advancing the ball across a line on a field, which means no soccer goals. They passed the ball to one another, but not by kicking it. Also in the 1100's, London children played a form of soccer (World Book Encyclopedia, S p.73).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early 1800's, many English schools played a game that resembled soccer. Players added many rules that changed the game, and each school interpreted them differently. In 1848, a group of school representatives met at Trinity College in Cambridge and drew up the first set of soccer rules (Brooks Clark, 1993). In 1863, representatives of English soccer clubs founded the English football clubs found the English Football Association. Soccer began to spread throughout the world in the late 1800's. By 1900, associations had been established in Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. In 1904, the national associations founded the Federation Internationle de Futbol Association. Soccer was made an official Olympic sport in 1908. The Canadian Soccer Association was established in 1912, and the United States Soccer Federation was set up in 1913. The first World Cup was played, in 1913, in Montevideo, Uruguay. Since then, the World Cup has been held every four years, except during World War II (1929-1945), when the games were suspended.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indoor soccer began in 1939, was formed by Major Indoor Soccer League, it started so people could play during the winter months. The North American Soccer League had its own indoor league from 1979-1984. Some of the differences from outdoor soccer are: there were only five players on the field and the goalkeeper, the goals are smaller, and the field is smaller. The field is like a hockey rink with astro-turf field surrounded with Plexiglas. The soccer goals are also built into the wall. This is a very fast paced game with four periods of 15 minutes each. In the United States, major league professional soccer has attracted little interest from the fans. Either indoor or outdoor proved to be successful, even with stars coming from Europe and Latin America. American Soccer League was the longest running professional league in the United States soccer history, going from 1921 to 1984. The North American Soccer League only existed until 1985. Some of the worlds' greatest players competed in this league, such as Michael Platani and Giorgio Chinaglia.